In recent decades, there has been growing concern about the impact of environmental contaminants on human health, especially in the context of reproductive health. One chemical that has gathered significant attention is Bisphenol A (BPA). BPA is a synthetic compound, most commonly used in the production of plastics, making it present in various consumer products and packaging. While its use has been restricted in some countries, exposure to BPA remains widespread, leading to potential adverse effects on human health, particularly on male fertility.

BPA was first synthesized in the late 19th century, but it wasn't until the 1950s that its commercial potential was recognized. Since then, BPA has been used in the production of numerous plastic products, including food containers, water bottles, baby bottles, and dental sealants. It is also present in the lining of metal cans, thermal paper used in receipts, and as a coating in water supply pipes. As a result, exposure to BPA occurs through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact.

Scientific evidence increasingly shows that BPA interferes with hormonal systems in the body. As BPA leaches into food and beverages from plastic containers, it is readily absorbed in the digestive system and enters the bloodstream. Once inside the body, BPA mimics estrogen and binds to estrogen receptors, leading to hormonal imbalances.

The male reproductive system heavily relies on hormonal balance, specifically involving testosterone and other androgens. Any disruption in this balance can have a significant impact on sperm production, leading to various fertility issues, including azoospermia. While the direct link between BPA and azoospermia is not yet entirely understood, evidence suggests that BPA exposure may contribute to the development of azoospermia.

• Spermatogenesis Interference: Animal studies have shown that BPA exposure can interfere with the process of spermatogenesis (sperm production) in the testes. This disruption can lead to reduced sperm count and motility, ultimately contributing to azoospermia.

• Epigenetic Changes: BPA exposure has been linked to epigenetic changes in sperm cells, which do not alter the underlying DNA sequence but can affect gene expression and function. Altered sperm epigenetics can influence fertilization and embryonic development.

• Hormonal Imbalances: BPA's estrogen-mimicking properties can disrupt the hormonal balance essential for proper sperm production. Lower testosterone levels and abnormal hormonal signalling pathways can adversely affect sperm production.

• Oxidative Stress: BPA exposure has been associated with increased oxidative stress in the male reproductive system, resulting from an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants, leading to cell damage, including sperm cells.

Now that we understand some of the potential risks associated with BPA exposure, how can you reduce your BPA exposure and therefore potential impact on male fertility?

1. Limit Plastic Use: Minimize the use of plastic containers for food and beverage storage, especially those containing BPA. Opt for glass, stainless steel, or BPA-free plastics instead.

2. Check Labels: Look for products labelled "BPA-free" 

3. Healthy Lifestyle: Adopt a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, as these factors can also influence male fertility.

4. Environmental Awareness: Support and advocate for policies that regulate the use of BPA and other hormone-disrupting chemicals in common consumer products and packaging.
   
   Further research in this area is crucial to fully understand the extent of BPA's impact on azoospermia. However, in the meantime, we can start by employing small changes in our lifestyle, including use of BPA-free products.

   
   Source: Santiago J. et al, 2021; Cariati F. et al, 2019